Abstractness of Racism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1499 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Racism Essay Did you like this example? The United States of America the piping hot, effervescing â€Å"melting pot of the world†. This term was coined in the late 1880’s due to mass European emigration for various reasons. Instead of refusing these fleeing souls, the idea of acceptance, regardless of race, was universally preached. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Abstractness of Racism" essay for you Create order The melting pot was used to symbolize the creation of a cohesive, new American culture and identity. This, in some ways did occur. However, this preconception is more than wrong. Our society is a salad bowl; an uneven mixture of different ingredients mixed randomly that all come together to represent a salad yet still hold fast to their own, respective identities. This â€Å"salad† has had and still has many problems. Throughout history and in recent times, Racial tensions have proliferated greatly and have become more profound and frequent, raising questions about the future of our nation, due to our inability to resolve these domestic issues. As complicated as these issues are, they are based on the abstract concept that is Race. Race is not real. Race is merely a social category we choose and are influenced to abide by, not something that is scientifically backed nor is it genetically driven. Through the examination of societal implicit biases, the true science behind human identity and appearance and decades of research, the overbearing blanket perspective that Race is hereditary will sanguinely dissolve or change. Conceptual Abstraction: Is Math Racist? To challenge a generalized and accepted notion, one must attack directly. Race is not a biological nor genetic attribute. Race, similar to concepts like Arithmetic, are abstract – â€Å"existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence† and defined as ‘insufficiently factual†, â€Å"difficult to understand† and â€Å"dissociated from any specific instance by Merriam Webster. All of these definitions ring true for the topic of race. Adam Rutherford, British geneticist and author of A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived, states that he is â€Å"unaware of any group of people that can be defined by their DNA in a scientifically satisfactory way† and proceeds to states that in terms of science and â€Å"as far as genetics are concerned, race does not exist† (Rutherford 218-219). With this, Rutherford also states that genetic sciences are founded on the â€Å"studies of racial inequalities of a racistâ⠂¬ . To solidify this argument, that race is abstract we compare it to the previous mentioned abstract concept, mathematics. Francis Galton, the Victorian scientist and half cousin of Charles Darwin, measured the biometrics of different people of different ethnic backgrounds and categorized them, mathematically, through statistics. Galton utilizes this quantitative data to validate He labels Chinese as â€Å"materialistic†, â€Å"Negroes† as vastly inferior, â€Å"Hindoos† as lacking in â€Å"strength and business habits† and that the â€Å"Arab[s]†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are merely â€Å"eaters †¦of other men’s produce†¦ a destroyer† (Rutherford 227). Despite his biased views and corrupted motivation for this development, Galton invented modern statistical tools we continue to use to this day and began the trek in human biometrics. He introduced the idea of â€Å"nature versus nurture†, which propounds conflict between these two factors, when in actuality they work together conjunctly. (Rutherford). Race has played a significant role in the studying and research of genetics. Galton was not the only prominent geneticist who spouted racist views. James Watson, co-discoverer of the double helix structure of DNA – expressed racist views shown by his various tests, measuring the capacity and actuality of human intelligence in different categories, groups and settings, all of which based upon the color of one’s skin (Malloy). Though morally, one wishes that the way he talks about race has no logical legitimacy but there is some truth to it. Jason Malloy states that Watson’s â€Å"Intelligence tests do reveal large differences between European and sub-Saharan African nations, the evidence does link these differences to universally valued outcomes, both within and between nations† (Malloy). One can easily argue that this is due to environmental factors. No research is needed to justify the fact the European cities are more developed than Sub-Saharan communiti es. With development, there is a greater chance for better education and employment. Nonetheless, the science which was developed to validate intellect capacity due to physical differences between humans, has ironically done the opposite; Modern Genetics have proven that there is no essential foundation for people of different groups. The quickest rebuttal to this is the fact that different groups of people have different values in terms of pigmentation. Skin color, and specifically the lightness or darkness, is determined by one gene mutation. Elizabeth Kolbert of the National Geographic explains the simplicity of the difference in skin color as â€Å"the mutation that’s most responsible for giving Europeans lighter skin is a single tweak in a gene known as SLC24A5, which consists of roughly 20,000 base pairs. In one position, where most sub-Saharan Africans have a G, Europeans have an A (Kolbert)†. The difference of one letter, one chemical is the basis for our separation and categorization of humans. Yes, there are various inherited and physical trai ts, the most recognizable being physiognomies, that are concomitant with certain populations, however, these traits do not belong solely to groups they are initially categorized with or with any group. A clear example of this are the physical similarities between various Hispanic people and those of Middle Eastern descent. Common physical features do not equate to common genetics but still are grouped into a racial category. In his article, Rutherford presents this example that Tibetans, who are visually similar to many other Asians, would be grouped as Chinese. However, Tibetans are genetically adapted to high altitude, rendering Chinese people more similar to Europeans than their superficially similar neighbors, in terms of genetics and adaptation (Rutherford). These regional adaptations are concrete, yet the means in which we comprehend and act upon that physical difference is based solely upon the if we categorize these features with other features, which then get grouped as commonalties for a race. Humans are too â€Å"horny and mobile†, and in that way we are the same. We are not separated by Race Race doesn’t exist, yet racism does. A question which is utilized frequently in order to solidify the fact that race is real is that â€Å"If Race Is Not Real, why is Racism Real?† Upon first encounter, one sees it as common sense. There’s no way Race is not real if people still treat others differently. This is the intended point. People and Society naturally categorize things, as stated in the Blindspot. However, one can still choose how they interact and go about this individual or groups of those different from oneself. Back to Math, Statistics, developed by Galton, were solely invented in order to prove White Superiority over other races. Math itself is an abstract concept in which society as a whole has globally accepted as a truth. No one questions if One is One or if 76 is truly 76, it is merely known and understood. Same goes for race. No one questions why we automatically categorize people with attributes. There is nothing wrong with categorizing people into groups, until these groups are inaccur ately labeled in some ways. A group of Jews, whether it be those of Israel or those of the Jewish faith, are a group of Jews, not stingy or frugal. The thin, almost-transparent line between categorization and stereotyping must be broadened, in order to defer this active racism. Additionally, Racism served, and can be argued that it still serves, as justification. The media does an unfortunately excellent job of playing off this tension and vulnerability by utilizing almost a macro-level version of confirmation bias and general stereotypes. The best known examples are White Extremists such as the Ku Klux Klan. Their overtly violent racism is merely justified by the fact that White Culture is American Culture, expressed through chants such as â€Å"You will not replace us†. Another form of justification is the need for them to ameliorate society. Some felt a moral responsibility to Eugenics, the negative connotation of this word, which played a large role in the forced and unknown sterilization of 20,000 minority men and women in California. Seen as helping control poverty and crime in the United States, these medical staff prided themselves as heroes, when really they committed 20,000+ murders. This shows the solidifying of racism. This engrained idealism of racial superiority has plagued our nation for too long. Our natural categorization is not wrong, but the values and that certain groups are branded by are. The word â€Å"Race† typically is utilized in a negative means, in order to differentiate different people. Race was and is a societal construct of institutionalism, developed in order to justify the oppression of those of color. Race is not real, but people who utilize physical and ethnic differences are. The only way to ameliorate this issue is by breaking societal norms and pushing for more integration, breaking known mold that is the â€Å"common† American and smoldering the various ethnic identities into one, conjunctive melting pot.

Essay about Medicinal Value of Yoga - 2978 Words

Medicinal Value of Yoga What most Westerners picture when you say Yoga, is an Indian guru in cloth shorts or a long flowing robe, twisted up in a some sort of a pretzel pose. You may picture the Yoga practitioner in peak physical shape, as well as, being a very peaceful human being. It is attaining this goal that is the aim of Yoga, but what most of people dont realize, is exactly how much goes into achieving this state. Yoga time honored teaching on how to achieve physical health, psychological well being and spiritual peace. This can be achieved by concentrating for hours in a state of complete focus, know as meditation. While mediating, the practitioner assumes various body positions known as asanas, that allows for maximum†¦show more content†¦Yoga exercises (physical, mental or spiritual) based on eastern metaphysical assumptions designed to aid in enlightenment or self-realization. Goals sometimes include Altered States of consciousness or uniting the practitioner with the impersonal pant heistic God. Yoga philosophy is based on the concept of Reincarnation, the Upanishads and other Hindu scripture. In this essay I would like to briefly explore the primary branches of Yoga: Karma, Bhakti, Juana, and Raja Yoga and point out their advantages and pitfalls as well as point out the value of their practice as it pertains to keep the body healthy and free from disease. ): Yoga can be experienced on many different levels for example: as a way to relax after a long stressful day; or a more physically demanding focus on strengthening and invigorating the body; as a more therapeutic practice for a particular physical difficulty or ailment; or as a path to spiritual enlightenment to reach a higher state of consciousness and a union with the Divine. Medicinal Value of Yoga In India, yoga has been practiced for thousands of years, and for the past 80 years, western scientists have studied its use as a therapy in various disorders. A session of yoga lasts about 20 minutes and includes a secession of postures progressing from simple to complex with simultaneous, structured, deep breathing. Yoga enables a person to control many physiological aspects including metabolic rate andShow MoreRelatedHealth, Illness And Wellness2522 Words   |  11 Pagesof health, illness and wellness and my own personal ideologies about health, family beliefs and cultural health concepts which could affect the health and wellbeing. My visual presentation represents mammography for Visualization for breast cancer, yoga meditation, home remedies, nutritious diet and hand washing. How they impact and influence me in supporting my health and health needs of my family. I also discuss the influence of these conceptions on my personal life and how all these apply to myRead MoreHealth , Illness And Wellness2377 Words   |  10 Pagesof health, illness and wellness and my own personal ideologies about health, family beliefs and cultural health concepts which could affect the health and wellbeing. My visual presentation represents, mammography for Visualization for breast cancer, yoga meditation, hand washing, home remedies and nutritious diet. How they impact and influence me in supporting my health and health needs of my family. I also discuss the influence of these conceptions on my personal life and how all these apply to myRead MoreCareer Planning Guidelines : State Of Employment Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagessince we have such a large number of requests we may see as clashing. 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Some of these foodstuffs/ herbs may be quite tasty in and of themselves, and might be desired as a taste enhancer even should their putative medicinal value be provenRead MoreA Study on the Employee Welfare Measures Ai Nagarjuna Ayurvedic Herbal Concentratesltd8247 Words   |  33 Pageswelfare measures of Nagarjuna from the employees’ point of view. 4. To provide some valuable suggestions for improving the existing welfare measure of the company. SCOPE OF THE STUDY In a world of changing values, where ideologies are rapidly under going transformation, rigid statements about the field of labour welfare need to be revised. Labour welfare work is increasing with changing opportunities and need to meet varying

Keynesian vs Monetarist Economy Free Essays

Economics for Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Keynesians versus Monetarists Faculty responsible: J. Heller Ismail EL HASSANI Humanity has known in its history long periods of growth with the Agrarian Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Oil era and now the Information’s one. From the last period of sustained growth is born the myth of continuous and eternal growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Keynesian vs Monetarist Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the scarcity of natural resources and the awareness of the negative effects of economic activities suggest that humanity may live a long period of stagnation. In fact, it has already experienced long periods of recession. That is the reason why we should prepare ourselves to sustain growth rather than calling it as our ancestors called rain. In order to achieve this goal, we can follow different economic philosophies such as Keynesianism or Monetarist economies. In this work, we will focus more on Keynesianism. Firstly, we will discover the history of this theory and then define it. In addition, we will analyse and describe all the components of this theory. Finally, we will be comparing the two approaches to demonstrate that Keynesianism is much more effective and brings more advantages than Monetarists. John Maynard Keynes was born in England in 1883 until his death in April 1946. Keynes was certainly the greatest economist of the twentieth century (Clark, 2008). Even today he returns often in the foreground: the known subprime financial crisis in late 2009 led a great business newspaper to elect him â€Å"Man of the Year† (Diever, 2010). Keynes’ thinking was very different from the others, this is the main reason his thoughts were terribly combated by anti-Keynesian. However it is still standing until our day while periods of economic crisis have put his theory in the spotlight again (Diever, 2010). Because it was not only an economist but also a philosopher, mathematician, man of letters, arts and culture, John Maynard Keynes was able to equal in the previous century Karl Marx, Francois Quesnay in the eighteenth or William Petty in the seventeenth. He managed to dominate the economics of his time, knead it, model it, then transformed and enhanced it in the hands of the generations following. He has been for a long time in the protective shadow of Alfred Marshall, the great apostle of market equilibrium; But once out of the traditional ideologies, he runs through his own path with an impressive force. He wrote the book known as â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†, which was published in London in 1936. It is the main work of John Maynard Keynes , The General Theory which contain 24 chapters is primarily a theory of employment. It was very well received in 1936 because it offered a plausible solution to the distressing problem of unemployment (unemployment rate of over 10% in Britain) . The general theory aims to present the operation of the economic system as a whole (also called economic circuit). We can then say that Keynes theory is in a macro-economic level (Pettinger , 2008). The principle of his economic approach was based on a logic and circular flow of money; when the expenses increase, revenues increase as well, which will lead to more spending that will result once again for more income. This flow of money is simple to understand, and to Keynes, the key is to spend. Indeed, each person spending causes the benefit of another person; and the person who perceived the money will in her turn spend it, which will go towards the benefit of a third person, and so on †¦ After the first signs of the Great Depression in 1929, the nature of people have led them amass their money and let him sleep for fear of being in need. This has lead to a decrease in spending and hence lower flow circulation. In doing so, we maintain the economy at a standstill and depression bursts. Following Keynes’ theory, in order to overcome a critical economic situation, it is necessary for the government to intervene. In fact, his theory advocates of government financial interventions by increasing the money supply or investing in the country (Pettinger , 2008). But unfortunately, during the Great Depression, it was not one of the most popular solutions. Keynes thought about involving the government is very different from the popular economic thought, which preceded it. Basically, Keynesianism is against the practice of excessive savings and not enough spending or consumption in an economy. Today people who are saying they are Keynesians are more or less those who are in favour of the state intervening in the economy while monetarists’ aim set on providing stability to the system by controlling the money supply (DeNardo, 2008). On one hand, Keynes provoked a revolution in economic. His theory became to be very positively received, because it could explain why during the economy of the Great Recession there was still unemployment; a fact that a basic economy could not explain. It is in this context that Keynes became very popular. In fact, previously in economics the classical argument would have been: while facing economic condition, the salary will drop as well as the cost of work, and people will automatically get employed again. On the other hand, there are two types of Keynesians: fiscal Keynesians and monetarist Keynesians. We believe that fiscal Keynesians are more close to the idea of Keynes, which explain that in a period of a downturn in a recession, the State can take over the investment function by investing itself like an entrepreneur (Jeremy, 2011). The most recent example of such a Keynesian approach to the economy will be the State plans of china during 2008 downturn, in which the State has really employed a lot of people to build bridges airports, roads etc†¦ However, to be effective, the state intervention should not create more risks for the economy than it provokes benefits by employing more people. Meaning that a State, which is already in debt, will not be advised to use such an approach. It will create such a negative outlook for the fiscal side of the economy (Pettinger , 2008). Then the individual local entrepreneurs would stop any investments for their businesses and would definitely not invest on new projects. Indeed, the drawbacks of going more into debt to make the State an employer can very easily out ways the benefits of employing more people in a downturn (Jeremy, 2011). In Western Europe for example, they have lost this capacity of applying this type of Keynesian approach. Most of them have more than 80 % of debt in GDP and already facing a lot of dangers in the financial market (Gerald , 2009). Nevertheless, The monetarist Keynesians type is a useful way to use Keynes theory without government spending; they have lost the fiscal ability to intervene. In fact, this type of approach calls the use of the Central Banks or the Federal Reserve (U. S. A) to buy treasury bunds from the government and print more money to increase the activity. Completely at the opposite Spectrum of Keynesians who wants to intervene within an economy, these are called monetarists. They believe that money is neutral, meaning that it is not because you double the amount of money in an economy that you will be producing more (Cowen, 2012). Each unit of money that you are doubled will be worth for the economy by creating the phenomenon of inflation. Thus the role of authorities is very reduced. Friedman, who is the leader of this ideology, will be advocating the stable growth in the money supply, which means that the Central Banks have to maintain a regular rate (Cowen, 2012). However, we found that Friedman’s assumption is false. First, Professor M. Friedman is most famous for the following equation: MV =PT; where M equal Money, V was representative of the Volacity, P equal Prices and T represented Transactions (DeNardo, 2008). Most people think that this formula was his contribution to the monetary theory and he was very famous for this. However, during our research we discovered that many economics before Friedman used this formula. In addition to that, following his monetary theory, it is possible to control the money supply so that you can affect the performance of the economy; that the instability in the money supply is responsible for recessions and depressions. Today, the events of the 2008 recession have proven that Friedman’s assumption of controlling the money supply is a false one. Indeed, we all know that bank lending is the key to money supply. However, nowadays the banks do not trust each other, and they refuse to lend to each other. Without lending, this is clear that the money supply will decrease indefinitely. The principal consequences of this approach will be the reduction of velocity of money as people do fewer transactions. This decrease in velocity and money supply will lead consumers to do fewer purchases and businessmen fewer investments. It was proven in the 1930s in America, which was called liquidity trap. To conclude, we can say that both economies have their advantages and disadvantages. However, the Keynesian one seems more applicable nowadays in some countries in order to overcome this recession and sustain a growth. Few decades before, it was said that most economic theories, including Monetarists, were preaching individualism, competition and non-intervention of the State. The sovereign functions (Police, Army, Justice), the construction of public edifices, the respect of competition’s rules were their principal matters at that time. The historical reality is however different: back in the days during the Industrial Revolution, the State intervened in many countries to ensure the â€Å"takeoff† of their economy. In France, the State intervened in the development of railways and agriculture (tariffs Meline 1896). England adopted the Act Enclosures for agricultural land. The U. S. intervened in the development of the railway. Germany established protectionist measures with Frederic List (1789-1846). Finally in Japan, during the Meiji era (1868), the State created the first companies in order to sell them to families after, â€Å"Zaibatsus† (Gerald , 2009). Moreover, after the crisis of 1929, the New Deal was an important ideological impact in the United States with a significant change in the conception of the role of the state: the state becomes interventionnist. (Gerald , 2009) We can consider that Keynesians’ believes and thoughts were always adopted in some of the rude moments of our economic history. Despite some difficulties, it have always brought positive results to the evolution of the economy; and we all remember John Maynard Keynes as the most remarkable economists of the history. As far as we are concerned, we strongly believe that the Keynesian theory, depiste its disadvantages, brings more benefits to the society and to people’s lives. After his death, Keynes’ ideas were preached by his disciples; the mistake was to carry on the same methods during the post war situation and not try to adapt these methods in order to meat with the current circumstances and avoid another recession. REFERENCES  : Gerald, M. (2009, 04 27). Les politiques economiques. Retrieved from http://www. skyminds. net/economie-et-sociologie/la-regulation-des-activites-sociales/les-politiques-economiques/ Clark, J. M. (2008, 12 09). John maynard keynes. Retrieved from http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/John_Maynard_Keynes DeNardo, G. (2008, 12 07). Mv=pt a classic equation and monetary policy. Retrieved from http://www. nolanchart. com/article5583-mvpt-a-classic-equation-and-monetary-policy. tml Cowen, T. (2012, 07 30). Business cycles explained: Monetarist theory. Retrieved from http://learnliberty. org/videos/business-cycles-explained-monetarist-theory Pettinger , T. (2008, 12 30). Keynesianism vs monetarism. Retrieved from http://www. economicshelp. org/blog/1113/concepts/keynesianism-vs-monetarism/ Diever, M. (2010). Les principaux courants de pensee economique. Retrieved from http://www. oeconomia. net/private/cours/economiegenerale/CAPET/01. theorieseconomiques. pdf How to cite Keynesian vs Monetarist Economy, Papers Keynesian vs Monetarist Economy Free Essays Economics for Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Keynesians versus Monetarists Faculty responsible: J. Heller Ismail EL HASSANI Humanity has known in its history long periods of growth with the Agrarian Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Oil era and now the Information’s one. From the last period of sustained growth is born the myth of continuous and eternal growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Keynesian vs Monetarist Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, the scarcity of natural resources and the awareness of the negative effects of economic activities suggest that humanity may live a long period of stagnation. In fact, it has already experienced long periods of recession. That is the reason why we should prepare ourselves to sustain growth rather than calling it as our ancestors called rain. In order to achieve this goal, we can follow different economic philosophies such as Keynesianism or Monetarist economies. In this work, we will focus more on Keynesianism. Firstly, we will discover the history of this theory and then define it. In addition, we will analyse and describe all the components of this theory. Finally, we will be comparing the two approaches to demonstrate that Keynesianism is much more effective and brings more advantages than Monetarists. John Maynard Keynes was born in England in 1883 until his death in April 1946. Keynes was certainly the greatest economist of the twentieth century (Clark, 2008). Even today he returns often in the foreground: the known subprime financial crisis in late 2009 led a great business newspaper to elect him â€Å"Man of the Year† (Diever, 2010). Keynes’ thinking was very different from the others, this is the main reason his thoughts were terribly combated by anti-Keynesian. However it is still standing until our day while periods of economic crisis have put his theory in the spotlight again (Diever, 2010). Because it was not only an economist but also a philosopher, mathematician, man of letters, arts and culture, John Maynard Keynes was able to equal in the previous century Karl Marx, Francois Quesnay in the eighteenth or William Petty in the seventeenth. He managed to dominate the economics of his time, knead it, model it, then transformed and enhanced it in the hands of the generations following. He has been for a long time in the protective shadow of Alfred Marshall, the great apostle of market equilibrium; But once out of the traditional ideologies, he runs through his own path with an impressive force. He wrote the book known as â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money†, which was published in London in 1936. It is the main work of John Maynard Keynes , The General Theory which contain 24 chapters is primarily a theory of employment. It was very well received in 1936 because it offered a plausible solution to the distressing problem of unemployment (unemployment rate of over 10% in Britain) . The general theory aims to present the operation of the economic system as a whole (also called economic circuit). We can then say that Keynes theory is in a macro-economic level (Pettinger , 2008). The principle of his economic approach was based on a logic and circular flow of money; when the expenses increase, revenues increase as well, which will lead to more spending that will result once again for more income. This flow of money is simple to understand, and to Keynes, the key is to spend. Indeed, each person spending causes the benefit of another person; and the person who perceived the money will in her turn spend it, which will go towards the benefit of a third person, and so on †¦ After the first signs of the Great Depression in 1929, the nature of people have led them amass their money and let him sleep for fear of being in need. This has lead to a decrease in spending and hence lower flow circulation. In doing so, we maintain the economy at a standstill and depression bursts. Following Keynes’ theory, in order to overcome a critical economic situation, it is necessary for the government to intervene. In fact, his theory advocates of government financial interventions by increasing the money supply or investing in the country (Pettinger , 2008). But unfortunately, during the Great Depression, it was not one of the most popular solutions. Keynes thought about involving the government is very different from the popular economic thought, which preceded it. Basically, Keynesianism is against the practice of excessive savings and not enough spending or consumption in an economy. Today people who are saying they are Keynesians are more or less those who are in favour of the state intervening in the economy while monetarists’ aim set on providing stability to the system by controlling the money supply (DeNardo, 2008). On one hand, Keynes provoked a revolution in economic. His theory became to be very positively received, because it could explain why during the economy of the Great Recession there was still unemployment; a fact that a basic economy could not explain. It is in this context that Keynes became very popular. In fact, previously in economics the classical argument would have been: while facing economic condition, the salary will drop as well as the cost of work, and people will automatically get employed again. On the other hand, there are two types of Keynesians: fiscal Keynesians and monetarist Keynesians. We believe that fiscal Keynesians are more close to the idea of Keynes, which explain that in a period of a downturn in a recession, the State can take over the investment function by investing itself like an entrepreneur (Jeremy, 2011). The most recent example of such a Keynesian approach to the economy will be the State plans of china during 2008 downturn, in which the State has really employed a lot of people to build bridges airports, roads etc†¦ However, to be effective, the state intervention should not create more risks for the economy than it provokes benefits by employing more people. Meaning that a State, which is already in debt, will not be advised to use such an approach. It will create such a negative outlook for the fiscal side of the economy (Pettinger , 2008). Then the individual local entrepreneurs would stop any investments for their businesses and would definitely not invest on new projects. Indeed, the drawbacks of going more into debt to make the State an employer can very easily out ways the benefits of employing more people in a downturn (Jeremy, 2011). In Western Europe for example, they have lost this capacity of applying this type of Keynesian approach. Most of them have more than 80 % of debt in GDP and already facing a lot of dangers in the financial market (Gerald , 2009). Nevertheless, The monetarist Keynesians type is a useful way to use Keynes theory without government spending; they have lost the fiscal ability to intervene. In fact, this type of approach calls the use of the Central Banks or the Federal Reserve (U. S. A) to buy treasury bunds from the government and print more money to increase the activity. Completely at the opposite Spectrum of Keynesians who wants to intervene within an economy, these are called monetarists. They believe that money is neutral, meaning that it is not because you double the amount of money in an economy that you will be producing more (Cowen, 2012). Each unit of money that you are doubled will be worth for the economy by creating the phenomenon of inflation. Thus the role of authorities is very reduced. Friedman, who is the leader of this ideology, will be advocating the stable growth in the money supply, which means that the Central Banks have to maintain a regular rate (Cowen, 2012). However, we found that Friedman’s assumption is false. First, Professor M. Friedman is most famous for the following equation: MV =PT; where M equal Money, V was representative of the Volacity, P equal Prices and T represented Transactions (DeNardo, 2008). Most people think that this formula was his contribution to the monetary theory and he was very famous for this. However, during our research we discovered that many economics before Friedman used this formula. In addition to that, following his monetary theory, it is possible to control the money supply so that you can affect the performance of the economy; that the instability in the money supply is responsible for recessions and depressions. Today, the events of the 2008 recession have proven that Friedman’s assumption of controlling the money supply is a false one. Indeed, we all know that bank lending is the key to money supply. However, nowadays the banks do not trust each other, and they refuse to lend to each other. Without lending, this is clear that the money supply will decrease indefinitely. The principal consequences of this approach will be the reduction of velocity of money as people do fewer transactions. This decrease in velocity and money supply will lead consumers to do fewer purchases and businessmen fewer investments. It was proven in the 1930s in America, which was called liquidity trap. To conclude, we can say that both economies have their advantages and disadvantages. However, the Keynesian one seems more applicable nowadays in some countries in order to overcome this recession and sustain a growth. Few decades before, it was said that most economic theories, including Monetarists, were preaching individualism, competition and non-intervention of the State. The sovereign functions (Police, Army, Justice), the construction of public edifices, the respect of competition’s rules were their principal matters at that time. The historical reality is however different: back in the days during the Industrial Revolution, the State intervened in many countries to ensure the â€Å"takeoff† of their economy. In France, the State intervened in the development of railways and agriculture (tariffs Meline 1896). England adopted the Act Enclosures for agricultural land. The U. S. intervened in the development of the railway. Germany established protectionist measures with Frederic List (1789-1846). Finally in Japan, during the Meiji era (1868), the State created the first companies in order to sell them to families after, â€Å"Zaibatsus† (Gerald , 2009). Moreover, after the crisis of 1929, the New Deal was an important ideological impact in the United States with a significant change in the conception of the role of the state: the state becomes interventionnist. (Gerald , 2009) We can consider that Keynesians’ believes and thoughts were always adopted in some of the rude moments of our economic history. Despite some difficulties, it have always brought positive results to the evolution of the economy; and we all remember John Maynard Keynes as the most remarkable economists of the history. As far as we are concerned, we strongly believe that the Keynesian theory, depiste its disadvantages, brings more benefits to the society and to people’s lives. After his death, Keynes’ ideas were preached by his disciples; the mistake was to carry on the same methods during the post war situation and not try to adapt these methods in order to meat with the current circumstances and avoid another recession. REFERENCES  : Gerald, M. (2009, 04 27). Les politiques economiques. Retrieved from http://www. skyminds. net/economie-et-sociologie/la-regulation-des-activites-sociales/les-politiques-economiques/ Clark, J. M. (2008, 12 09). John maynard keynes. Retrieved from http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/John_Maynard_Keynes DeNardo, G. (2008, 12 07). Mv=pt a classic equation and monetary policy. Retrieved from http://www. nolanchart. com/article5583-mvpt-a-classic-equation-and-monetary-policy. tml Cowen, T. (2012, 07 30). Business cycles explained: Monetarist theory. Retrieved from http://learnliberty. org/videos/business-cycles-explained-monetarist-theory Pettinger , T. (2008, 12 30). Keynesianism vs monetarism. Retrieved from http://www. economicshelp. org/blog/1113/concepts/keynesianism-vs-monetarism/ Diever, M. (2010). Les principaux courants de pensee economique. Retrieved from http://www. oeconomia. net/private/cours/economiegenerale/CAPET/01. theorieseconomiques. pdf How to cite Keynesian vs Monetarist Economy, Essay examples

Sexism in Television Commercials free essay sample

They also deliberately encourage insulting notions of women as stupid, incapable of understanding basic concepts and de facto having no part in the worlds biggest porting event simply because of their sex (Perera). This is an example of the sexist attitudes towards women. Why must women be oblivious to sports Just because theyre female? Many advertising companies dont think how theyre campaigns will effect, but only that it causes attention. Personal hygiene products such as Axe use half naked men and women to advertise. For example then men use the spray and women chase and tackle them like animals. No human being should be portrayed as an animal. And the men in he commercials really show that males should look a certain way in order for women to be attracted to them. Everyone is different and has their own sense of style so these commercials are really downing individuality. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexism in Television Commercials or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Timi Ross Poeppelman, California State University, Sacramento instructor, says They are degrading to both sexes. Its interesting how accepting we are ofa female being objectified as a sex object. If you reversed that and had men acting like [Axe] women do, people would say its horrible. But, some people see it as a Joke and laugh it off. Thats the thing about this advertising campaign: The ads can offend and entertain in equal measures (McManis). Though on the outside looking in, we would think something would be done about it. Many of the commercials we see for home improvement products have the routine stay-at-home mom trying to figure out a way to make her Job easier. These include Glade, Scrubbing Bubbles, Clorox, and Swiffer. The list could go on. In these commercials, the women are seen in the old fashioned way of theyre only good nough to clean and take care of kids. What about fathers who stay at home? Or the working single mother or father who have the same responsibilities and more? These commercials fail to show the reality of everyday life. No men are shown with these responsibilities, making it seem as if they are incapable of such tedious duties. Watching a football game, we can usually find an attractive young lady being swept off her feet by a less attractive man after he opens his beer of choice. Or, if were